1. Avoid adding engine oil without changing it

机油在柴油机的使用中是必不可少的，主要作用是润滑、冷却、清洁等。因此，很多小型混凝土搅拌车驾驶员都会注意检查润滑油的油量，且按标准添加，但是却忽略了润滑油质量的检查和对已经变质机油的及时更换，而导致一些发动机的运动机件总是在较差的润滑环境中运转，加速了各机件的磨损。一般在正常情况下机油的损耗并不是很大，但是却极容易产生污染，而失去保护柴油机的作用。在柴油机运转的过程中，许多污物(燃油不完全燃烧而生成的碳烟、积炭和积垢等)都会进入到机油中。对于新的或大修后的机械，试运转后杂质就会更多，如果只加不换就投入使用，容易引起烧瓦、抱轴等意外事故。另外，即使更换了机油，某些驾驶员由于缺乏维修经验或图省事，也会在更换时不彻底清洗油道，使机械杂质残留在油底壳及油路中。

Engine oil is essential in the use of diesel engine. Its main functions are lubrication, cooling and cleaning. Therefore, many small concrete mixer drivers will pay attention to check the amount of lubricating oil, and add it according to the standard, but they ignore the inspection of the quality of lubricating oil and the timely replacement of the deteriorated engine oil, which leads to some engine moving parts always running in poor lubrication environment, accelerating the wear of the parts. Generally, the loss of engine oil is not great under normal conditions, but it is very easy to produce pollution and lose the function of protecting diesel engine. In the process of diesel engine operation, many pollutants (soot, carbon and scale formed by incomplete combustion of fuel) will enter into the engine oil. For new or overhauled machinery, there will be more impurities after commissioning. If it is put into use without replacement, it is easy to cause accidents such as tile burning and axle holding. In addition, even if the engine oil is changed, some drivers will not thoroughly clean the oil passage during the replacement due to lack of maintenance experience or convenience, so that mechanical impurities remain in the oil pan and oil circuit.

2、混凝土商砼车忌缸套和活塞新品不经选配即安装

2. The new cylinder liner and piston should not be installed without matching

在换装汽缸套和活塞时，认为新的汽缸套和活塞都是标准件，具有互换性，装上去就能使用了。而实际上，汽缸套与活塞的尺寸都是有一定的公差范围。如把尺寸的汽缸套配上更小尺寸的活塞，会使配合间隙太大，造成压缩无力，而启动困难。因此，小型混凝土搅拌车在换装前一定要检查标准缸套与活塞的尺寸分组代号，装用的缸套与活塞必须使标准活塞的尺寸分组代号与标准缸套的尺寸分组代号一样，这样才能保证两者之间具有标准的配合间隙。另外，各缸装用同一分组代号的缸套和活塞时，要注意装前检验缸塞间隙，为了保证装配标准，在装机前应再进行一次检验，以防装上了假冒伪劣的残次产品。

When replacing the cylinder liner and piston, it is considered that the new cylinder liner and piston are standard parts with interchangeability and can be used after being installed. In fact, there is a certain tolerance range for the dimensions of cylinder liner and piston. If the largest size of cylinder liner is matched with the smallest size of piston, the fit clearance will be too large, resulting in weak compression and difficult starting. Therefore, before the replacement of small concrete mixer, the dimension grouping code of standard cylinder liner and piston must be checked, and the dimension grouping code of standard piston must be the same as that of standard cylinder liner, so as to ensure the standard fit clearance between them. In addition, when cylinder liners and pistons with the same grouping code are installed in each cylinder, the clearance between cylinder and piston should be inspected before installation. In order to ensure the assembly standard, another inspection should be conducted before installation to prevent the installation of fake and inferior defective products.

3水泥运输车忌不检查柱塞行程余量

3. Do not check the plunger stroke allowance of cement truck

在柱塞式喷油泵的调试过程中，有很多维修人员不注意检查柱塞的行程余量。所谓柱塞的行程余量，就是指柱塞被凸轮轴上的凸轮顶上止点后，能继续上行的移动量。调好小型混凝土搅拌车的供油开始时间后，之所以要检查行程余量，是因为柱塞的行程余量与柱塞和套筒的磨损有关。

In the debugging process of plunger type fuel injection pump, many maintenance personnel do not pay attention to check the stroke allowance of plunger. The so-called stroke allowance of the plunger refers to the amount of movement that the plunger can continue to move upward after being pushed to the top dead center by the cam on the camshaft. After adjusting the start time of oil supply for small concrete mixer, the reason for checking the stroke allowance is that the stroke allowance of plunger is related to the wear of plunger and sleeve.

柱塞与套筒磨损之后，柱塞要往上多运动一段后才能开始供油，使供油开始时间推迟。当拧出调整螺栓或换用较厚的调整垫块、垫片之后，柱塞的位置就会上移，使柱塞的行程余量减小。因此，在维修调试喷油泵时，就应当检查此行程余量，用以判定喷油泵是否还允许调整。检查时，要根据喷油泵的不同结构而采用下而不同方法：a)转动凸轮轴，把柱塞顶上止点后，拆下出油阀及阀座，并用深度游标尺测量。b)柱塞被顶上止点后，用螺丝刀撬起柱塞弹簧的弹簧座，使柱塞上升点。然后再用厚薄规插入柱塞下平面与挺杆调整螺栓之间进行测量。柱塞的标准行程余量大约为1.5mm，磨损后的到极限行程余量应不小于0.5mm。

After the plunger and sleeve are worn, the plunger can start to supply oil only after moving upward for a long time, which delays the start time of supply oil. When the adjusting bolt is screwed out or a thicker adjusting pad or gasket is replaced, the lowest position of the plunger will move up, which will reduce the stroke allowance of the plunger. Therefore, in the maintenance and debugging of the fuel injection pump, we should first check the stroke allowance to determine whether the fuel injection pump is still allowed to adjust. During the inspection, different methods should be adopted according to the different structures of the injection pump: a) turn the camshaft, push the plunger to the top dead center, remove the oil outlet valve and valve seat, and measure with the depth vernier. b) After the plunger is pushed to the top dead center, pry the spring seat of the plunger spring with a screwdriver to make the plunger rise to the highest point. Then insert a thickness gauge between the lower plane of the plunger and the tappet adjusting bolt for measurement. The allowance of plunger wear should not be less than 1.5mm after the standard stroke.

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